At least two of the candidates have promised income tax cuts they say are necessary to help struggling Californians make ends meet. But both plans would offer benefits to more than just low-wage earners. Each effort would also slash tens of billions of dollars from a state budget dominated by spending on schools, health care and prisons.
And should a Republican governor find some way to navigate the fierce political opposition to deep spending cuts in the Democratic-controlled Legislature, he might have to either put his plan on the ballot or see it challenged in court.
"It would all be very complicated," said Fred Silva, a veteran fiscal analyst with the bipartisan group California Forward. "And there are a lot of challenges."
All of the leading GOP candidates have expressed support for lessening the tax burden on Californians. But there is no modern precedent in California for income tax cuts of the size proposed by two of those contenders, Republicans John Cox and Kevin Faulconer. If successful, either effort would rank second only to the sweeping 35% reduction championed by then-Gov. Earl Warren in 1943. More than a half-century later, then-Gov. Pete Wilson embraced a 15% income tax cut over three years but saw his plan rejected by legislative Democrats after a long summer budget stalemate in 1995.
Faulconer has proposed eliminating all state income tax on single filers whose adjusted gross income is $50,000 or less and on couples whose income is $100,000 or less. For those who earn more, Faulconer would exempt the first $50,000 of income from being taxed.
Cox, a businessman who lost to Newsom in the 2018 election, vows to go further. His plan calls for a 25% across-the-board cut in personal income taxes.
Both efforts would take aim at the heart of how California's government services are funded. In the budget signed by Newsom this summer, general fund spending is expected to total $196.4 billion — 62% of which would come from taxes paid on the wages and investment profits of California taxpayers.
"Neither campaign deals with the spending-side implications of providing tax cuts," said Chris Hoene, executive director of the California Budget and Policy Center. "All candidates, regardless of political affiliation, should be held accountable for saying how they would spend the money if they raise taxes or what services and programs they would cut if they lower taxes."
Faulconer has said his plan, which he unveiled in May, was inspired by the desire to help many mitigate the effects of the state's high cost of living.
"We have to make California more affordable, and particularly for the middle class," he said during an interview on KTTV-TV Channel 11 in May. "It's going to reduce that burden and keep more money in Californians' pockets, rather than sending it to Sacramento."
Faulconer's campaign estimates the tax cut he's proposing would reduce state government revenue by $15 billion a year.
Low-income Californians would get tax relief, but so too would those who earn much more — including those whose reportable income is just under $1 million a year.
Hoene, whose organization advocates for government programs aimed at struggling Californians, said there's no justification for providing $50,000 in tax-free income to those who earn hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars a year.
"Faulconer wants to call it a middle-class tax cut, and while there are certainly a few parts of California where perhaps up to $1 million doesn't stretch as far as others, I still think it strains credibility to claim that if you make up to $1 million you are 'middle class,'" he said.
A representative of Faulconer's campaign said in an email to the Los Angeles Times that high-income Californians would still pay taxes on most of what they earn and that some of the lost revenue would ultimately return to the state from increased economic activity.
The most far-reaching of the two tax proposals is the one offered by Cox, who announced the plan last month during campaign stops while standing on a giant Monopoly board, decorated with icons that he said represented wasteful spending by the Newsom administration that would end under his watch.
"This state taxes its people way too much," Cox said during a televised debate last week. "It's not just the income tax. It's the corporate tax, the sales tax is one of the highest in the country. The gas tax is one of the highest in the country."
His budget plan includes canceling existing tax breaks and a familiar but elusive goal to root out "waste, fraud and abuse" from California's state government.
The centerpiece of Cox's plan, a permanent, 25% across-the-board cut in personal income taxes, would equate to a $30.8 billion decline in state revenue in the budget signed by Newsom this summer.
At every income level, Cox would cut tax rates equally. But because Californians don't equally share the state's tax burden, most of the money would flow back into the pockets of the state's high-income earners.
Data for 2018 compiled by the state Franchise Tax Board show that almost two-thirds of all personal income tax revenue was paid by taxpayers with an adjusted gross income of $300,000 or more. And more than 40% of all income tax revenue — about $35 billion — was paid by millionaires.
Cox's campaign doesn't dispute that wealthy taxpayers will benefit the most.
"Common sense dictates that if you're going to implement an across-the-board tax cut fairly, those who pay the most in taxes will receive the largest cut in gross dollars," Cox's campaign manager Bryan Reed said in an emailed statement.
Reed said too few observers realize that many small businesses in California pay taxes under the personal income tax system.
"The taxes are too high," he wrote. "You create successful small businesses that employ more Californians, by not taxing them so much that they move to Texas."
But such a large reduction in tax revenue, even if some of the money is replaced through other policy changes, would force tough decisions about what state government is able to provide.
The most obvious challenge facing any GOP candidate who hopes to broadly cut income taxes if elected governor would be how to sell such a plan to a Legislature controlled by Democrats who have championed many of the programs that could suffer the deepest spending cuts.
"They should have to tell Californians what services they plan to reduce or not provide," Hoene said of the recall candidates. "K-12? Higher education? health care? The safety net? Infrastructure?"
Schools are likely to be at the center of the debate. Under a set of formulas approved by California voters in 1988, as much as 40% of the state's general fund revenue is earmarked for K-12 schools and community colleges annually. And future school funding is often based on prior years — which could lead to a long-term decrease in guaranteed education spending.
A campaign representative for Faulconer said the candidate would ensure that schools would not be affected, a promise that would probably require other government services to bear the full brunt of the $15-billion tax cut.
Should Cox be elected, the consequences aren't likely to be limited to schools. The existing tax rates on high-income earners were established by constitutional amendments created by voters in 2012 and extended in 2016. Attempts to make changes through the annual state budget or a standalone piece of legislation could be subject to legal challenges.
Reed said Cox is willing to return to the voters to settle the issue.
"John will do whatever it takes to reduce taxes — if a constitutional amendment is needed, we will seek it," he said.
There is also little clarity on how the tax cuts promised by Cox or Faulconer would affect California's cash reserves, collected through rules also enshrined in the state's Constitution. Those dollars provide a cushion against future budget deficits and a way to pay off some of the state's debts. And there are complex rules for what money is set aside, though a significant amount of the cash comes from those with the highest incomes.
Silva, who has spent more than four decades examining state and local finance, said that a major reduction in revenue would be hard to reconcile without a lot of other work by a governor, lawmakers and, ultimately, voters.
"A lot would have to be reconstructed in order to get big tax breaks to work," he said.
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