The net cost to state and local governments in 2023 from the surge in immigration that began in 2021, according to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The CBO estimate reflects the difference between the approximately $10.1 billion in state and local taxes paid by the roughly 4.3 million immigrants who arrived from 2021 to 2023, and about $19.3 billion spent by states and localities on services for those immigrants. Costs were concentrated on providing education and shelter.
